Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess and identify gender differences in factors associated with prevalence, awareness, and treatmentof osteoporosis. Methods: Data for 3,071 men and 3,635 women (age≥ 50) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition ExaminationSurvey 2008~2011 were included. Osteoporosis was defined by World Health Organization T-score criteria. Impact factors and odds ratioswere analysed by gender using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Osteoporosis prevalence rates were 7.0% in men and 40.1% inwomen. Osteopenia rates were 45.5% and 46.0% respectively. Among respondents with osteoporosis, 7.6% men and 37.8% women wereaware of their diagnosis. Also 5.7% men with osteoporosis and 22.8% women were treated. Higher prevalence was found among respondentswho were older, at lower socioeconomic levels, with lower body mass index and shorter height in both genders, and among womenwith fracture history, and non-hormonal replacement therapy. Awareness and treatment rates for the risk groups were similar compared to thelow risk controls for both genders. Fracture history increased awareness and treatment rates independently for both genders. Women withperceived poor health status and health screening had increased awareness and treatment rates, but not men. Conclusion: Results indicatethat postmenopausal women have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis than men and awareness and treatment rates were higher than formen. Despite gender difference in prevalence, osteoporosis was underdiagnosed and undertreated for both genders. Specialized public educationand routine health screenings according to gender could be effective strategies to increase osteoporosis awareness and treatment.