Contents: Part I Introduction: General trends in pension reform around the millennium and their impact on women, Bernd Marin. Part II General Contributions: A discussion of retirement income security for men and women, Annika Sunden; Women and pensions. Effects of pension reforms on women's retirement security, Elsa Fornero and Chiara Monticone; Poverty amongst older women and pensions policy in the European Union, Asghar Zaidi, Katrin Gasior and Eszter ZA³lyomi. Part III Single and Comparative Country Studies: Pension system in Poland in the gender context, Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; The 1.000a?￢ trap. Implications of Austrian social and tax policy on labour supply, Eva Pichler; Women's work and pensions: some empirical facts and figures. Austria in an international comparison, Michael Fuchs; Restricting pre-retirement - what about older women's ability to work?, Raija Gould. Part IV Some Preliminary Conclusions: What is Good, Bad, Best for Women?: Gender equality, neutrality, specificity and sensitivity - and the ambivalence of benevolent welfare paternalism, Bernd Marin. Part V Annex: Some facts and figures on women's lives, work and pensions, Bernd Martin and Eszter ZA³lyomi (with Silvia FA¤ssler and Katrin Gasior).