[영문]Like any tax, the VAT is vulnerable to evasion and fraud. But its credit and refund mechanism offers unique opportunities for abuse, and this has recently become an urgent concern in the European Union (EU). This paper describes the main forms of noncompliance distinctive to a VAT, considers how they can be addressed, and assesses evidence on their extent in high?income countries. While the practical significance of current difficulties in the EU should not be overstated, administrative measures alone may prove insufficient to deal with them, and a fundamental redesign of the VAT treatment of intra?community trade may be required. The current difficulties in the EU largely reflect circumstances that would not apply in the U.S.