This study aims to provide policy directions and tasks for strengthening essential health care and public health care in Korea. We conducted a theoretical review of the concepts and scopes of essential health care and public health care. We also reviewed the history and current status of essential health care policies as well as public health care policies in Korea and identified key issues through in-depth interviews with experts. Additionally, we conducted a survey to understand the public’s perceptions and opinions on essential health care and public health care. Based on the findings, we suggested policy directions and tasks for strengthening essential health care and public health care.