This study examines regional healthcare disparities in Korea through an analysis of national compensation policies and a comparison with approaches in Japan and the United States. The findings indicate that Korea’s current system comprises budget-funded models, fee-schedule supplement models, and alternative payment models (prospective or retrospective reimbursement), in which equity- and safety-net-oriented objectives are combined in a single framework, resulting in policy overlap and limited effectiveness. In contrast, policies in Japan and the United States differentiate reimbursement approaches according to distinct policy orientations, including equity-oriented adjustments and safety-net-oriented supplements. Based on these findings, this study proposes restructuring existing compensation mechanisms along three interrelated dimensions (equity, safety net, and performance) and establishing an integrated management system to coordinate these financial instruments.