I. Introduction 1

II. Changing Population and the Perceptions about It 7
  1. Changes in the Population Structure 9
  2. Perceptions about Population Change 13
  3. Policy Implications 17

III. Evaluation of Previous Policies Targeting Low Fertility and Population Aging 19
  1. Overview of the Basic Plans on Low Fertility and Aging Society 21
  2. Evaluation of the Basic Plans on Low Fertility and Aging Society 23
  3. Policy Implications 28

IV. Restructuring the 3rd Basic Plans on Low Fertility and Aging Society 31
  1. Preconditions for the Restructuring 33
  2. The Basic Direction of the Restructuring 36
  3. How to Restructure 41

V. Restructuring the Basic Plans on Low Fertility 49
  1. Births 51
  2. Social Care 69
  3. WorkㆍLife Balance 87
  4. Jobs and Housing for Youth 98

VI. Restructuring the Basic Plans on Aging Society 109
  1. Old Age Income Security 111
  2. Health and Social Care in Old Age 139
  3. Elderly's Participation in Society and Leisure Activities 155
  4. Support of Neo-Middle-Aged for Stable Life and Old Age Preparation 162

VII. Restructuring the Basic Plans on Adaptation to Population Change 173
  1. Use of Migrants' Human Resources 175
  2. Old-Age Friendly Industries 178
  3. Resctructuring the Social Structure 180
  4. Financial Sustainability 184
  5. Enhancing the Infrastructure in Response to Low Fertility and Aging Society 188
  6. Enhancing Local Governments' Capacities 192

VIII. Conclusion 197
  1. Key Strateties of Population Policy 199
  2. Agenda for Follow-up Studies 200

References 203
Appendices 209