In our study, we analyze the current situation of the no-care zone experienced by the working-age group, welfare and employment security services, and propose a linkage between welfare and employment services. The employment welfare service in consultation is a link between simple employment and welfare. Employment welfare services in a broad sense can include links with various social service areas such as care, education, housing, and health. In order to link welfare and employment, it is necessary to broadly look at the social service categories stipulated by the Social Security Act. Our study proposes the necessity of introducing a national (appropriate) livelihood security support system and expanding its target and support scale. On the other hand, in order to offset the polarization of labor and business income that occurred after labor market participation, a policy to reduce household expenditure through the publicization of major services is needed. The delivery system for the National Standards of Living Security requires software integration rather than hardware integration. The front-line organizations that provide services are easily accessible to the public and those who want them, and it is necessary to focus on the eup, myeon, and dong closest to where I live. In addition, the role and function of the Social Security Committee as an upper-level delivery system should be strengthened.

This study aimed to propose reimbursement schemes and financial support plans to provide local public hospitals with sufficient compensation for appropriate delivery of health care services and population health projects so that they can fulfill their missions as local public hospitals. We examined economic theories to seek optimal ways to reimburse local public hospitals and why financial supports are necessary for them to provide essential health care services to address needs in communities. We also reviewed reimbursement and funding methods for public hospitals of OECD countries, and implementation of global budget payments for hospitals in Maryland and Pennsylvania. We investigated major roles, current status, and characteristics of local public hospitals as well as the reimbursement and financial support system for public hospitals in Korea, Our suggestions to improve reimbursement and financial support system for public hospitals in Korea include 1) developing and implementing customized models not only to cope with needs in communities but also to consider the current status and characteristics of local public hospitals, 2) securing sufficient compensation for essential healthcare services as well as population health projects, 3) expanding financial support to fund operating costs and labor costs for local public hospitals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate personal competence factors associated with the digital health policies and programs in South Korea. For this study, authors used digital health literacy tools to find out the major factors of personal competence with regard to the digital health. The scope of this study was including the individual use of digital health devices and the digital health literacy. Methods of the study were covering literature reviews, on-line surveys of adults aged 19-69, and focus group interviews. The study was also incorporated of 12 items of digital health literacy tools for the four-dimensional on-line surveys and 16 items of health literacy tools. About 51.8% of respondents had appropriate degree of health literacy, while about 25.2% of them were in need of HL. With regard to the DHL, total average was 2.78(score range 1~4). In the statistics, DHL was significantly related to the socioeconomic status at .003 level. We found out that DHL was an important factor for health promotion. Supporting policies are needed for the low SES population.

The purpose of this study is to diagnose the environmental changes in the lives of young people and to suggest the principles and directions of youth policy in the future. In accordance with this purpose, the actual situation of young people in Korea was reviewed with a focus on the transition to adulthood, and the status of related policies was reviewed. And demographic change, labor market change, and climate change were set as major environmental changes, and the impact of each change on youth life was diagnosed. In addition, the direction of future youth policy is presented by synthesizing the above discussion. By examining the policy responsiveness of existing youth policies, we present the principles and directions that youth policies should adhere to, and suggest specific policy tasks that match them.

Each country is establishing the National Accounts System (SNA) to understand the current state of welfare finance that protects the people from social risks such as disease, unemployment, and aging. SNA guidelines recommend not only the size of welfare expenditure but also subcategories. That is, Total expenditure of welfare finance - Classification by welfare policy area - Current expenditure(transfer expenditure, administrative expenses) and capital expenditure . Currently, Korea’s SNA only announces the total size of welfare finance. Accordingly, in this study, welfare accounts were established by classifying welfare finance by policy area and detailed current expenditure. As a result of the study, the total scale of welfare finance was 146.7 trillion won (2019), and by policy area, it was 63 trillion won for the elderly, 23 trillion won for families and children, and 80 billion won for social security R&D. Next, the detailed composition ratio of individual benefits is as follows. ‘Transfer expenses’ was the highest with ‘Unemployment benefits’ at 98.4%, and ‘Administrative expenses’ was the highest with ‘Housing benefits’ at 40.5%. This is the main data that quantitatively shows the attributes of individual benefits and the characteristics of the delivery system. After all, the welfare account can be more sophisticated in analyzing the effect of public transfer expenditure on household income, consumption, and the production effect of firms. There are five policy contributions of this welfare account. First, it can be used as the most sophisticated basic data to analyze welfare finance in the national account system. Second, it provides evidence for establishing mid- to long-term goals such as the basic welfare plan and deriving directions for each policy area. Third, it can be usefully used to evaluate the effect of government policies optimized for welfare finance. Fourth, it is easy to compare with foreign countries that follow the SNA account system. Finally, the public awareness of how much welfare finances are distributed within the national economy can be raised.

The 2021 National Family and Fertility Survey is the only nationally-representative survey in Korea that systematically identifies the history of childbirth and marriage behavior. The main purpose of this study is to collect data that can observe changes in an individual's life course and family path, focusing on demographic behaviors such as marriage and childbirth. This survey was conducted with adults aged 19-49 and their spouses living in sample households extracted from 700 survey districts nationwide. The final sample was 9,999 households and 14538 people, and the response rate of spouses and partners was 57.1%. The main research results are as follows. Of those in a common-law marriage or cohabitation relationship, 96.7% thought that their relationship with their partner was a de facto marital relationship. People in a common-law marriage and cohabitation relationships were found to experience inconveniences or discrimination because they did not register their marriage legally. This is because most policies in Korea provide support based on legal relationships and do not recognize family members outside of marriage. Second, the difference in the number of births had a positive correlation with the difference in the total number of pregnancies. The average number of abortions differed significantly across predictor variables such as age, education level, age at first marriage, employment status, and household income. As in many existing studies explaining the low fertility pattern, a negative association was observed in this study between the level of education and the fertility rate. The younger the cohort, the smaller the proportion of those with two or more births. Remarkable features were observed in the responses to questions regarding whether and when the respondent had childbirths, and how many. Compared to other categories, in the number of children category, the ratio of self and the other person making decisions together was higher. Third, there was a large difference between men and women in the prevalence of experiencing reproductive health symptoms over the past year. The prevalence of reproductive health symptoms was higher in women by 29.8 percentage points, but a large percentage of women who had the symptoms was found to have done nothing about their symptoms or used a pharmacy, without seeking help from a doctor. When asked about the sources they drew on for information about contraception, 59.4 percent of the respondents cited media such as the Internet, where it is difficult to confirm the objectivity of information. Regarding contraceptive decision making, there was a marked gender difference. While 30.3% of men respondents answered that they had self-initiation, only 16.6% of women answered that they had self-initiation. 17.2% of women in legal and common-law marriages experienced infertility. As the age of first marriage increased, the rate of infertility increased, and 33.1% of married women over 35 experienced infertility. Fourth, differences were found in child rearing environment and expenditure items according to the age of the children. A large percentage of parents of infants and toddlers were found to use private facilities, despite their wish to use national and public facilities for their children. In addition, a review must be undertaken as to whether facility care services are provided enough for 0-year-olds, as a large share of parents of infants were found to take care of their children themselves despite their wish to use facility services. In the case of elementary school children, the proportion of parents who answered that they were satisfied with the current care situation was lower than that of infants, indicating that the provision of care services for elementary school children is insufficient. Fifth, regarding the appropriateness of the amount of time allocated to daily activities, it was found that enough time was allocated to work, childcare, and housework, but time spent on other activities, such as self-development, was relatively insufficient. It was analyzed that about 2/3 of the respondents did not have much difficulty in work-life balance. The maternity leave system was used by more than two-thirds of the women with childbirth experience for both for first and second childbirths, but less often for second childbirths. On the other hand, the parental leave system was used by less than half of the women with childbirth experience, and in particular, only about 40% used it for a second child. Sixth, it was found that young people became independent from their parents for a relatively long period of time from the age of 18 to their mid-30s. It seems that the period of residential independence spreads widely from the age of 18 to the late 30s, because housing changes through life events such as college admissions, employment, and marriage rather than living independently according to biological age. One of the most representative reasons for housing independence was found to be marriage. Of those who experienced marriage, 61.4% answered that the person they lived with before marriage was their parent. Those who lived alone accounted for 26.4%. Women were more likely to live with their parents before marriage than men. It can be understood that the economic vulnerability and gender norms of the unmarried youth group have an effect on the high parental cohabitation rate in pre-marriage housing. Seventh, it was found that the respondents have values ？？that change according to changes in society rather than supporting traditional values. Rather than classifying roles by gender, men and women perform roles jointly, and even if it is family- related, there is a tendency to value individual opinions. A high percentage agreed with the claim that marriage is now optional. The division of roles between husband and wife, including child rearing, also suggested a shift to the need to work together regardless of gender. These changed values ？？showed a distinct difference by age. The higher the age group, the higher the percentage supporting the existing values, and the lower the age group, the more support the changed values.

1. Background and purpose of the study This study is a study on the social security systems of Russia and Uzbekistan and the socialist social security systems of the former Soviet Union. Research on the social security systems of Russia and Uzbekistan helps to understand each country's social, economic and social policy issues, thereby providing a foundation for knowledge sharing and cooperation with the countries of the New Northern countries, as well as basic data for knowledge sharing and capacity building in the field of social policy. 2. Main Results The principle of socialist social welfare policy is that when the privatization of the means of production is abolished and the allocation of all resources is placed under the control of the state, social services are provided universally and inclusively. In the socialist system, as the principle is guaranteed by the state, the beneficiary basically does not bear any cash withdrawals and the funds are covered by the state budget. Under the new system in 1918, workers were compensated for temporary loss of income due to illness, pregnancy and childbirth. Under the legal basis of Article 176 of the Labor Law enacted in 1922, benefits such as temporary disability (disease, injury, pregnancy, childbirth, nursing care for sick family members) and related child care are provided. In the 1920s, the socialized medical system was gradually developed and in 1936, according to the constitution, free medical care was officially guaranteed to all Soviet citizens. Public assistance of Russia has mainly developed around the function of guaranteeing in-kind benefits to people of national merit. Hence the coverage for the poor was low. The pension system is being reformed with the goal of stabilizing pension finances as a multi-layered retirement income security system. Although the medical insurance system is operated as a compulsory medical insurance system, the services are universal for all citizens. Unemployment security is weak. The gap between actual unemployment and official unemployment in the labor market is large and the level of pay is low. All the social insurance systems face the challenge of the financial constrains and resolving an opaque tax system. Uzbekistan's social security system also pursues universality following the tradition of the former Soviet Union, and consists of social insurance and tax-based public assistance. Medical care is universally provided free of charge, but the financial burden on the government is high. Unemployment insurance has a weak role with 1% coverage, but labor market programs are expanding. In Uzbekistan, since more than half of workers are informal, social protection is difficult. Various ministries are in charge of delivery, so it is difficult to integrate and link between policies. It is unique that Mahalla is characterized by the unofficial community performing functions such as beneficiary selection and payment. The Russian health sector has bright prospects for cooperation in establishing a telemedicine system and improving the quality of medical personnel. Uzbekistan is in need of cooperation with Korea in terms of financing and governance arrangements for the operation of the national health insurance fund. In addition, there is a demand for health and medical information infrastructure construction, ICT manpower, and computing equipment. Both Russia and Uzbekistan have the task of preparing a national tax administrative infrastructure and information system for selecting and managing social security beneficiaries and identifying income, so cooperation is required.

Families have played the single most significant role in looking after people with disabilities in Korea and, albeit belatedly, public discussions on how to support them in a systematic way have recently begun. Following the enforcement of the Act on Welfare Support for Children with Disabilities in 2012 and the Act on Guarantee of Rights of and Support for Persons with Developmental Disabilities in 2015, public services for the families of children with disabilities have been established along with support centers for children with disabilities. However, there are limitations in that these services are not inclusive for all ages and disability types. This study aims to find an efficient way to support families caring for people with disabilities, and views it as a matter of two overlapping areas. One is ‘family policies for care’ and another is ‘disability policies for the families of people with disabilities’. Policies for the families of children with disabilities in the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden and Korea were examined through the use of an analysis framework that encompasses these two perspectives, and the differences among the policies toward the families of children with disabilities are discussed. It draws Implications for Korean policies for the families of people with disabilities. Finally, the subjective care burdens of family caregivers of people with disabilities are examined through focused group interviews. In the conclusion, we proposed several policy suggestions for promoting the rights of children with disabilities and their parents with regard to accessibility and their inclusion in society.

Korea Government announced the Benefit Expansion Plans of the National Health Insurance on August 7, 2017. The purpose of this plan was to increase the coverage rate up to 70% by decreasing the burden of medical cost. Between 2015 and 2019, the rate of overall health coverage increased by 0.8 percentage points to 64.2 percent but the rate of primary care clinic’s health coverage decreased by 8.3 percentage points to 57.2 percent. Patients are preferring the general hospitals due to the benefit expansion plans centered on the tertiary cares, and the role of primary care has been reduced. Noncovered services at the primary care clinic increased in line with decrease of the total medical expense and the number of patients at the local clinics. This study was to find the cause of non-covered service increase in the primary care and to propose some strategies for improvement of Korea Healthcare Delivery and new roles of primary care units in the health care system in view of efficiency and finance.

The Digital New Deal, one of the Korean New Deal policies, is in full swing since the digital capabilities emerge as a key element of the national competitiveness. The COVID-19 has spread non-face-to-face services, and all industries are accelerating the use and convergence of the new digital technologies such as big data, 5G mobile communication, and artificial intelligence. Various environmental changes will actively speed up the convergence between policies and new technologies in the health and welfare sector. This will contribute to solving the problem of increasing welfare demand under the limited health and welfare budgets and finances. The purpose of this study is to narrow the gap between the health and welfare policies and the technologies, and to establish a convergence system for smooth integration. This study is a three-year mid-term project that started in 2019, and this year was the last study in the third year. The 1st study was to present the welfare demand and the current state of new technologies, based on big data. The 2nd was to identify the changes in the health and welfare policies and the trends in the new technologies, and to derive major issues. Case studies suggested the direction on the convergence between the health and welfare policies and the technologies. The 3rd study established the convergence system between the big data-based health and welfare policies and the technologies. The convergence system consists of 5 major domains and 14 small domains. 1. Creating a research and industrial environment 2. Creating a legal and ethical foundation 3. Creating cooperation/collaboration systems and networks 4. Supporting and managing the providers and the users 5. Evaluation of the welfare effect of the convergence system The finally constructed convergence system was applied to policy target cases in order to derive policy tasks for each case. Case studies were on the welfare policy for the elderly, the welfare policy for the disabled, and the National health promotion policy. Through these studies, a convergence system based on big data was established so that technologies could increase effectiveness and efficiency of the health and welfare policies. It can contribute to the improvement of the quality of people’s lives as the ultimate goal.